1. Introduction: In recent years, extensive research has been carried out on concrete filled steel tubes (CFST). The sub sequent results indicate the superiority of concrete filled steel tubes in relation to reinforced concrete or steel members. This section type offers multiple structural advantages such as increasing the loading capacity, higher value of absorbed energy, ductile deformation, seismic resistance, and sufficient damping….

In this paper, vorticity CONFINEMENT parameters are successfully developed for compressible flows. The first new CONFINEMENT parameter is proportional to spectral radii of the flux Jacobian matrix. Therefore, the CONFINEMENT parameter implicitly contains the local conditions of the flow field. This new method is named as lambda vorticity CONFINEMENT method. In order to gain confidence in the applicability of vorticity CONFINEMENT, it would be ideal to completely eliminate constant coefficients from CONFINEMENT parameters. Because these constant coefficients should be determined for every problem by trial and error and it takes a long time. In the next part of this paper, a suitable relation is introduced for the vorticity CONFINEMENT parameter that doesn't need any constant coefficient. This new method is named as adaptive vorticity CONFINEMENT method. Then the capability of these new methods is compared with the other vorticity CONFINEMENT methods for solving shock-vortex interaction and three dimensional moving vortex problems.

In this paper, variable CONFINEMENT parameters were successfully developed for compressible vorticity CONFINEMENT. Three variable CONFINEMENT parameters, that have velocity dimension, were defined, based on three artificial dissipation schemes. The resulting CONFINEMENT parameters are functions of the spectral radii of the Jacobian matrices and the Jacobian matrices themselves.Therefore, the CONFINEMENT parameter implicitly contains the grid size and other local fluid properties. Preliminary results for moving vortices showed that the new CONFINEMENT parameters allow the capture of vortical layers that, effectively, do not decay in time, like Hu et al.'s CONFINEMENT. Calculations of the supersonic base flow and supersonic shear layer showed good agreement with experimental and analytical data, especially for the variable CUSP CONFINEMENT parameter. When variable CONFINEMENT parameters are used, the tuning constant is equal to, or larger than, the equivalent value of the constant CONFINEMENT (Hu et al.). This means that the tuning constant varies in a range smaller than that of the Hu et al. constant CONFINEMENT, especially for the CUSP CONFINEMENT parameter.

The following modified preprint of a chapter in the forthcoming book by Guillermo VelardePioneers on Inertial CONFINEMENT Fusion Energywith personal comments, is presented here as an example about the long years difficult developments towards the aim for producing unlimited, safe and clean nuclear energy in the same way as it is the energy source of the sun. There are arguments that the most recent developments with the plasma block ignition using petawatt-picosecond laser pulses may leas to a fusion power station with a highly simplified operation such that the cost of electricity may be three or more times lower than any energy source on earth, opening the golden age with dramatic consequences for human life and environment. Applied sciences in all fields, economics and politics may be stimulated just by considering these consequences though these new results on inertial fusion energy (IEE) need to be further examined and developed on a broad basis.

example of a fully relativistic equation with both negative and positive energy solutions. The effect of the negative energy states was mitigated by maximizing the energy with respect to a relevant parameter while at the same time minimizing it with respect to another parameter in the wave function. The Cornell potential and a power-law scalar and vector potentials were used in our calculations for the quark CONFINEMENT. Cares were taken to avoid the Klein paradox by the dominance of the scalar component over the vector part.